Microfinance Impacts On Social Vulnerability Health And Social Care Essay

The research reported in this thesis was on â€Å" Impact of Microfinance on Social exposure in low income families of Pakistan † . The intent of this research was to analyze the impact of microfinance upon the vulnerable sector i.e. the low income Households of Pakistan. The primary information was gathered by drifting questionnaires and carry oning interviews. SPSS package was applied to analyse informations for frequences and cross tabular matter. The consequences were interpreted by usual rules of statistics. The findings suggested that there is a important impact of microfinance in cut downing poorness of the low income families. The findings showed that the microfinance clients had been helped by microfinance loans to elate their criterion of life and their societal position. Microfinance establishments have improved their criterion of life. It has besides helped them by increasing their entree to wellness and instruction installations. Microfinance has improves the conditions of lodging of its clients. Therefore microfinance establishments help to diminish the societal exposure and has moved them out of po orness.Chapter 1IntroductionOverview of the subject under considerationThe operations of microfinance are non much different from that of commercial Bankss but the chief difference prevarications in their client section which is the hapless for the microfinance. Challenges that are faced by the hapless are hapless wellness, deficiency of instruction, hapless lodging, and deficiency of lodging and unexpected menaces like natural catastrophes. These factors influence the economic status of the hapless every bit good. Microfinance focuses on these issues to cut down societal exposure of the hapless. Some of the issues that have impact on the societal exposure of the hapless are: Poor wellness is one of the chief grounds that makes people vulnerable and does non let them to draw out of poorness. Death of the staff of life earner leaves the full family helpless and therefore falling of one member ill makes the full family unstable. Education is one of the major constituents of microfinan ce services. Microfinance allows the client to pull off their growing income activities. In the absence of proper instruction the hapless are unable to travel out of poorness. Fiscal preparation and proviso of grownup literacy are of import parts of microfinance merchandises. Housing helps the hapless to make assets. Investing in lodging agencies in investing in concern since the hapless normally work from place. Proper lodging gives the hapless with entree to basic installations. Income required for nutrient ingestion and other outgos is critical and should be plenty to maintain the house stable. Standard of life determines the quality of unrecorded the hapless are populatingBackground of the subjectHistory of MicrofinanceMicrofinance is an old construct but it became really popular in the 70 ‘s by Dr Muhammad Yunus. Muhammad yunus realized that there would be a batch of enterprisers among his state but these people could n't get down their ain concern due to miss of capital. Muhammad Yunus established a bank that would impart a few hundred dollars to the hapless to get down a new concern. He established the Grameen bank in 1983 in Bangladesh. His chief aim was to assist hapless people move out of poorness by supplying them with loans. Microfinance refers to provide of fiscal services like loan, insurance, nest eggs to the hapless. As the hapless can non acquire these services from commercial Bankss, microfinance provides them with these services. Microfinance was introduced in Bangladesh in 1976 and of all time since it has gained importance in the fiscal universe. Microfinance has shown a positive impact on its clients over the old ages. Surveies have shown that bulk of the loans to travel adult females and adult females invest them in concern and better their and their household ‘s criterions of lifeSocial exposure in PakistanSocial exposure has many dimensions. The hapless in Pakistan have non merely low income but they besides lack entree to basic demands such as instruction, wellness, clean imbibing H2O and proper sanitation. The latter undermines and bounds their capablenesss, bounds their chances to procure employment, consequences in their societal exclusion and exposes them to exogenic dazes. Then the barbarous rhythm of poorness is accentuated when so authorities constructions exclude the most vulnerable from the determination devising procedure. Poverty is one of the most of import jobs that are faced by state. But due to increase of economic activities and policies of the authorities, there are some good Numberss came on poorness and poorness decrease. Social exposure, societal exclusion and societal inequality are found in different parts of rural Pakistan. There are different societal constructions that govern the rural life in Pakistan. In rural Pakistan socially vulnerable groups have limited entree to labour market and societal services and this restriction leads to poverty. More than one-half of the rural population in Pakistan is landless and rural poorness is highest among those who own no land. It is found that 42 per centum of the population is populating in families with illiterate caputs is hapless. Net primary registration rates are merely 37 per centum for the hapless and this per centum is even lower in adult females and kids. There is the presence of affinity and caste system in the rural Pakistan and the presence of powerful groups leads to affairs like entree to instruction, wellness and other services Lack of instruction and deficiency of entree to wellness and public services are one of the grounds of poorness. Supplying loans to the hapless is non a new thought, every bit early as 1960s Agricultural bank has been supplying loans to the husbandmans to purchase fertilisers, high giving up seeds and machinery. These Bankss failed to better the criterion of life of the hapless because they merely provided loan and did non offer services of sedimentation maintaining and did non hold any economy merchandises. MF attempts to supply solution to this job. MF provides fiscal services include working capital loans, consumer recognition, nest eggs, pensions, insurance, and money transportation services. Microfinance covers a broad scope of services that is non confined merely to micro recognition.Importance of the survey with regard to the universeOne-half of the universe ‘s population is populating on an income of less than two dollars a twenty-four hours. In these hapless communitie s one kid out of every five does non populate to see his birthday. Microfinance claims to supply the hapless an entree to capital giving them an chance to travel up the economic ladder. Examination of microfinance operations around the universe has indicated that hapless who use microfinance merchandises have become less vulnerable and are able to travel themselves out of poorness. Even those who managed to travel out of poorness, it took them 5 to 10 old ages to travel out of poorness. Impact appraisal of microfinance is of import to understand the effectivity and outreach of microfinance in run intoing the development aims, Besides an of import point the should be considered is that microfinance services are an instrument of development and non an terminal in themselves. In the planetary conflict against poorness microfinance is considered an of import and effectual tool. It increases the chances of the hapless by supplying them entree to the capital and helps them by increasing i n their income and besides increases the societal position of the borrowers. Many givers, societal investors and policy shapers have supported the growing of this on an international graduated table with important flows of subsidising grants and financess.Importance of the survey with regard to PakistanMicrofinance sector began in Pakistan through rural development undertakings that were funded by the givers. The Agha khan rural support plan theoretical account has been imitated all across Pakistan and since so microfinance has become an critical instrument in covering with the issues of the hapless of the Pakistan. It is considered that microfinance should be used to cut down poorness by 33 per centum.This belief is mostly supported by informations and grounds all across Pakistan. Along with cut downing poorness microfinance in Pakistan is besides seen as an of import instrument for gender authorization. The Government of Pakistan and rural support plans in the state think that by supplying recognition to adult females there can income coevals and the societal and economic position of adult females in the family and in the community can be improved. As it is believed that microfinance can extinguish poorness, can authorise adult females and eradicate unemployment but still there is non adequate research that supports all these claims.Research inquiryWhat is the impact of microfinance on societal exposure in low income families of Pakistan?Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWWarner ( 2009 ) conducted a research on societal exposure, where she defines the term, examines policy significance of societal exposure and discusses the value of survey of societal exposure for hazard direction. The cardinal ground behind this research was to see the factor that are related to exposure for hazard decrease intent and discourse the major concern that should be considered while making research. The author discusses the hard in mensurating societal exposure ; she says that chief metho dological argument about societal exposure is that it deals with our certain societal elements that are hard to mensurate. The author points out that there should be tools that should be made by the policy shaper that should assist in mensurating societal exposure accurate and easy. The determination were that societal exposure is merely non put on the line decrease because it consider three of import component and those elements are people, societal systems and non structural solutions. The author references chances that are present to extinguish societal exposure are by authorising adult females and bettering the position in the society and by utilizing hazard direction tools like microfinance to better the hazard direction capablenesss of the vulnerable population. United Nations secretariats ( 2003 ) published a study on universe societal state of affairs, beginnings and challenge of societal exposure. The aim of this study was to place the beginning of societal exposure because to accomplish decrease in societal exposure it is of import to understand its beginnings. The study states that societal exposure is the exposure of societal groups. These societal groups include adult females, kids, older people and people with disablements and minorities. The study states that these groups face societal exposure due to different societal, economic and cultural barriers. These groups are excluded from income market every bit good as are socially excluded. This study identifies that a barbarous circle is created by the interaction of poorness and exposure because hapless people are the 1 who are most vulnerable to income dazes and stuff losingss and these dazes and losingss make them unable to travel out to poorness. In order to cut down poorness it is of import to understand what makes these people vulnerable. The most of import beginnings of exposure identified in this study are income security and deficiency of entree to fiscal markets but these are non the lone beginnings other societal ailments such as hapless wellness, unequal entree to wellness services, no entree or unequal entree to instruction are besides major beginnings of societal exposure. Apart from this societal exclusion on the footing of gender and civilization besides lead to societal exposure. This study identifies the demand for societal and economic policies that help in creative activity of employment of these societal groups. The most of import beginning of societal exposure identified in this study is income insecurity hence economic growing and creative activity of employment should be kept in head when making policies to cut down societal exposure. As societal exposure arises due to societal, cultural and economic barriers, hence societal and economic p olicies should be integrated to cut down societal exposure. This study indicates that developing states should implement stairss for socially vulnerable groups. Philip and rayhan ( 2004 ) conducted a research on what are the causes and what is the relationship between poorness and societal exposure. The cardinal ground behind this research was to look at different significances of poorness and societal exposure and to analyze their interrelatedness in order to better the life criterions in the development states. To transport out the research they did interdisciplinary analysis of both poorness and exposure by reexamining literature and by looking at the instance surveies of different developing states. The determination of this research was that exposure and poorness are multidimensional footings i.e. they include societal, economic, political and environmental factors and are complex footings. They are interrelated in such a manner that each causes the other, which means that poorness makes people vulnerable to societal, economic and environmental dazes, their exposure escalate poorness and therefore do them vulnerable to farther dazes. Fo r measuring of exposure, factors of economic efficiency which are land productiveness, labour productiveness, and per capita income, factors for societal equity which are people below poorness line, life anticipation, and female literacy should be measured. PROBLEMS OF POOR HEALTH SHOULD BE ADDRESSED BECAUSE THEY HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE THE MAIN RESONS of poorness and societal exposure. Freyssinet ( 2009 ) worked on how to mensurate societal exposure. The purpose of mensurating societal exposure is that it can assist in minimising the inauspicious impact of economic, societal, political and environmental dazes and aid in interrupting the rhythm of aims every bit good as subjective. The article states some variable that can assist in mensurating societal exposure ; the variables are healthy life anticipation, poorness, unemployment and debt ratios and others. Wisner ( 2006 ) worked on the hazard decrease indexs of societal exposure. The cardinal ground behind this research was to analyze the indexs of societal exposure for its better apprehension. He states that those indexs are used whose informations is available from family study or informations collected by different disposals. He states that an of import index of societal exposure is school safety. School safety includes the per centum of school available, entree to instruction services and protection to go on instruction, what is primary school registration, figure of instructors and pupil per school. Another of import index of societal exposure is to analyze the diverseness of economic activity of a family. It will include ratio of people gaining from support and people gaining from fabricating. Another of import index is homelessness which can be measured by looking at the per centum of people homeless. The writer states that in order to step and to cut down societal exposure thes e are the most of import index that should be taken into history. He concludes that indexs of societal exposure are found in the establishments, support, substructures and other societal factors. Matin, Hulme and Ruthford ( 2004 ) conducted a research on finance for hapless: from microfinance to micro fiscal services. The purpose of this research was to happen ways how fiscal merchandises can be designed and delivered to the hapless in a better manner. This paper states that supplying hapless people with microfinance will assist them cover with poorness which will take to obliteration of poorness. Microfinance is average for cut downing exposure by giving hapless entree to wellness and instruction services and is a mean for increasing income. This article states that there are two microfinance supplier informal, semi formal and formal. Informal suppliers are unregistered such as money loaners and semi formal suppliers are microfinance establishments that are normally NGO ‘s and formal suppliers are those which are capable to banking jurisprudence of the state. The article concludes that the hapless need fiscal services for care and betterment of their support. All infor mal, semi formal and formal suppliers can assist hapless in accomplishing these. Radermacher et.al ( 2010 ) conducted a research on micro insurance, as a tool to cut down exposure due to costs of ill-health. The cardinal ground behind this research was that hapless households frequently due to illness lose all their assets due wellness disbursals which they cover from their earning or from borrowing. Even if such hapless family have entree to microfinance but microfinance wo n't cover indirect disbursals like transit costs and income loss that occurs due to illness. Therefore there is demand for micro insurance which non merely cover these wellness disbursals but besides the indirect disbursals. For transporting out research family study was conducted in low income territories on Nepal. Harmonizing to the study it was found that monthly rate of illness was more than 10 % in the territories and female, babies and older people are more vulnerable to illness as compared to work forces. Survey was besides done to happen the heath disbursals of hapless family and it w as found it is increasing over the old ages and that these hapless family at the same clip have limited entree to wellness services. The study besides showed the beginning used by these family to cover wellness cost and it was found that these family either sold their assets to cover costs or resort to adoption. Besides when adoption was done it was done from multiple beginnings to cover full disbursals. This article states that micro insurance is the finest tool for cut downing the exposure. Insurance besides non besides covers the medical cost but besides the index costs. The article states that the focal point of micro insurance is that it should be low-cost, bettering the qualities of life of the hapless and cut down their poorness. Another of import factor of micro insurance is trust. The hapless family have limited budget and they will ne'er purchase the insurance policy unless they wo n't hold trust on the micro insurance supplier and it is undertaking of the insurance suppli er to convert them that they will profit from buying the insurance policy. Therefore micro insurance is the best possible manner to cut down the exposure of low income family. Hamid, Robert and Mosley ( 2010 ) evaluated the wellness effects of micro wellness insurance arrangement. The cardinal ground behind this research was to analyze and analyze the impacts of micro wellness insurance arrangement on the consciousness of wellness, use of wellness attention and position of wellness of clients of Grameen bank in Bangladesh. For the research primary information was collected through family study in countries where there are subdivisions of Grameen bank. Since more than 90 % of clients of Grameen bank are female therefore merely female were selected for the survey. The study included both interview and questionnaires. After roll uping the information a arrested development equation was derived from empirical theoretical account to analyze the impact of impact. The dependent variables taken were awareness of wellness and position of wellness. The determination were statistically of import for consciousness for wellness and use of heath attention but non for we llness position and those happening are important for enlargement and imitation of micro wellness insurance. Develtere and Huybrechts ( 2002 ) worked on looking at groundss on societal and economic impacts of Grameen bank and BRAC on the hapless in Bangladesh. The cardinal ground behind this research was to happen the societal and economic impact of these Bankss on the hapless. There are different ways to mensurating the impact of microfinance on ingestion and income. The method used that the borrowers recall their before and after state of affairs and utilizing this method it was found that per capita income and sum of recognition obtained from Grameen bank was positively related. The survey showed that Grameen bank improved the economic conditions of 91 % its clients. Research shows that income and ingestion should be taken as dependent variable for mensurating the impact of microfinance on the hapless. Apart from betterment in income and ingestion of the client it was seen that employment was besides generated. Besides the research indicates that the labour market engagement of adult fem ales increased as comparison to adult females populating in nearby small towns. Researches states that micro recognition aid in cut downing poorness. BRAC every bit good as Grameen bank have seen that their tools for salvaging have help in cut downing exposure. Apart from betterment in their economic status their societal status was besides improved the societal state of affairss of adult females as good of their household. Through microfinance these adult females achieved empowerment and now they non seen as a load but a beginning of income which has increased her position as her power of determination devising. Women of hapless family face a job of domestic force. In this research a arrested development analysis was done and it was found that adult females who are clients of BRAC and Grameen bank are better treated by their hubbies. These Bankss increased the mobility of adult females, expanded their cognition and increased consciousness of the universe. Asad Kamran Ghalib ( 2007 ) worked on societal impacts appraisal of microfinance. The purposes of this work was to look at the wider and societal impacts of microfinance and what tools and methods should be used to mensurate these societal impacts. For societal impacts assessment a generic theoretical accounts was used. The theoretical account consisted of a control group and a plan group. The control group was non exposed to microfinance intercession while plan group. The control group was non exposed to microfinance intercession while plan group was the one which was exposed to microfinance intercession. For mensurating of societal impact of microfinance on plan group a societal impact measurement index was used, which took account four variables. The variables were wellness, literacy, support and community. Each variable has its ain indexs. For informations aggregation secondary beginnings were used which include nose count study and informations published by regulative bureaus. T he findings were that microfinance lead to adult females authorization and improved their living criterion and that of their household. There nutrition, hygiene and life conditions improved. Access to education increased their consciousness.Chapter 3MethodologyResearch TypeThe type of research is qualitative in nature. The nucleus purpose of the qualitative research is to happen out the relationship between the dependant variable and the independent variable. The relationship between the variables is traveling to be built utilizing statistical tools such as cross tabular matter. Study scene of the research will be impersonal. Then the purpose of this survey is to happen the extent to which microfinance reduces societal exposure.Data type and Research PeriodFor my research, I am traveling carry out primary research, for which I am traveling to carry on questionnaire utilizing a 5-point likert graduated table. 1 depicts strongly disagree and 5 depicts strongly agree. The questionnaire contains 12 inquiries, 3 inquiries per variable.Population, Working population and SampleFor my research, I am traveling to take a on the job population of 70 people who are clients of microfinance institutes in Lahore. Out of the 70 questionnaires, 20 questionnaires will be disqualified on some bases. Hence the sample size for my research will be 50.Theoretical Framework and Variables under treatmentMy independent variable is microfinance and the dependent variables are: Social exposure Health Education Income Housing Standard of lifeOperational DefinitionsHealth:Poor wellness is one of the chief grounds that makes people vulnerable and does non let them to draw out of poorness. Death of the staff of life earner leaves the full family helpless and therefore falling of one member ill makes the full family unstable.Education:Education is one of the major constituents of microfinance services. Microfinance allows the client to pull off their growing income activities. In the absence of proper instruction the hapless are unable to travel out of poorness. Fiscal preparation and proviso of grownup literacy are of import parts of microfinance merchandises.Housing:Housing helps the hapless to make assets. Investing in lodging agencies in investing in concern since the hapless normally work from place. Proper lodging gives the hapless with entree to basic installations.Income:Income required for nutrient ingestion and other outgos is critical and should be plenty to maintain the house stable.Standard of li fe:Standard of life determines the quality of unrecorded the hapless are populatingResearch HypothesisHolmium: Microfinance leads to better wellness of its clients H1: Microfinance does non take to better wellness of its clients Holmium: Microfinance leads to increase in instruction and school registration of its client ‘s kids H1: Microfinance does n't take to increase in instruction and school registration of its client ‘s kids Holmium: Microfinance leads to increase in personal income of its clients H1: Microfinance does non take to increase in personal income of its clients Holmium: Microfinance improves the criterion of life of its clients H1: Mic Ho: Microfinance leads to betterment in lodging of its clients H1: Microfinance does n't take to betterment in lodging of its clients rofinance does n't better the criterion of life of its clientsTechniquesAfter finishing the questionnaires, I am traveling to make traverse tabular matter analysis for my research.Datas AnalysisFor this research, SPSS will be used and transverse tabular matters will be carried out, after which the significance of each variable will be determined and therefore each hypothesis will be proved.Data Interpretation:The consequences generated from SPSS would be combined and will so be further analyze utilizing the tabular arraies and the graphs and cross check analysis.Chapter 4RESULTS AND ANALYSISTable 1: Cross check of after microfinance your entree to wellness installations and overall wellness of your household members has improvedOverall wellness of your household members has improved Entire 3.00 4.00 5.00 3.00 After microfinance your entree to wellness installations improved 3.00 1 2 2 5 4.00 5 16 8 29 5.00 4 12 0 16 Entire 10 30 10 50 Holmium: Microfinance leads to better wellness of its clients H1: Microfinance does non take to better wellness of its clients This cross tabular matter shows that 29 out of 50 clients agree that after engagement in microfinance their entree to wellness installations has improved and 16 clients strongly agree that after engagement in microfinance their entree to wellness installations has improved. 30 out of 50 clients believe that overall wellness of their household members have improved. This tabular array shows that bulk of the clients agree that after engagement in microfinance their entree to wellness installations have improved and besides overall wellness of their household members have improved. Therefore it proves the hypothesis that microfinance leads to better wellness of its clients.Table 2: Cross check of after microfinance has the school registration rate of your kids increased and your monthly disbursal on instruction increasedHave your monthly disbursal of instruction increased? Entire 3.00 4.00 5.00 3.00 After engagement in microfinance has the school enrolment rate of your kids increased? 3.00 1 4 0 5 4.00 5 17 10 32 5.00 5 2 6 13 Entire 11 23 16 50 Holmium: Microfinance leads to increase in instruction and school registration of its client ‘s kids H1: Microfinance does n't take to increase in instruction and school registration of its client ‘s kids This cross tabular matter shows that 32 out of 50 clients agree that after engagement in microfinance the school enrolment rate of their kids has increased. 23 out of 50 clients agree that monthly disbursal of instruction has increased. This tabular array shows that bulk of the clients agree that after engagement in microfinance the school enrolment rate of their kids has increased and their monthly disbursal on instruction has increased. Therefore it proves the hypothesis that microfinance leads to increase in instruction an 500 school registration of its clients kids.Table 3: Cross check of after microfinance there is addition in your personal income and is your income plenty for your household membersCount Is your income plenty for your household member Entire 2.00 3.00 4.00 2.00 Has engagement in microfinance has led to increase in your personal income 3.00 3 0 3 6 4.00 7 6 13 26 5.00 2 6 10 18 Entire 15 12 23 50 Holmium: Microfinance leads to increase in personal income of its clients H1: Microfinance does non take to increase in personal income of its clients The tabular array of cross tabular matter shows that 26 out of 50 clients agree that after engagement in microfinance their personal income has increased. 23 out of 50 clients agree that their income is adequate for their household members. This tabular array shows that bulk of the clients agree that after engagement in microfinance their personal income has increased and their income is adequate for their household members. This tabular array shows that 15 out of 50 clients still believe that their income is non plenty for their household members. While 23 out of 50 believe that their income is adequate for their household members. Therefore the hypothesis holds true that microfinance leads to increase in personal income of its clients.Table 4: Cross check of microfinance leads to increase in ingestion of nutrient and your entree to clean imbibing H2O and hygiene environment has improvedCount Do you hold entree to clean imbibing H2O and hygiene environment? Entire 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 2.00 Do you believe that microfinance leads to increase in overall ingestion of nutrient 3.00 0 0 3 1 4 4.00 0 7 17 6 30 5.00 4 7 3 2 16 Entire 4 14 23 9 50 Holmium: Microfinance improves the criterion of life of its clients H1: Microfinance does n't better the criterion of life of its clients The cross tabular matter tabular array shows that 30 out of 50 clients agree that microfinance has increased their overall ingestion of nutrient. 23 out of 50 clients agree that they have entree to clean imbibing H2O and hygiene environment. As the tabular array shows that 17 out of 50 clients agree that after engagement in microfinance their overall ingestion of nutrient has increased and they have entree to clean imbibing H2O and hygiene environment. Merely 4 out of 50 clients ‘ does n't hold entree to clean imbibing H2O. Therefore the hypothesis that microfinance improves the criterion of life of its clients keep true.Table 5: Cross check of microfinance leads to increase in outgo on house fix and your house is strong plenty to defy any sort of catastropheCount Is your house strong plenty to with stand electrical storm or any other sort of natural catastrophe? Entire 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 2.00 Engagement in microfinance leads to increase in outgo on house fix 3.00 1 4 0 0 5 4.00 7 15 9 1 32 5.00 2 6 3 2 13 Entire 10 25 12 3 50 Holmium: Microfinance leads to betterment in lodging of its clients H1: Microfinance does n't take to betterment in lodging of its clients This tabular array of cross tabular matter shows that 32 out 50 clients agree that engagement in microfinance leads to increase in outgo on house fix. 25 out of 50 clients agree that their house is strong plenty to with stand electrical storm or any other sort of natural catastrophe. 10 out of 50 clients said that their house is non strong plenty to with stand electrical storm or any other sort of natural catastrophe. 15 out of 50 clients are impersonal about that microfinance lead to increase in outgo on house fix and their house is strong plenty to defy electrical storm and any other sort of natural catastrophe. Looking at the bulk of clients the hypothesis clasp that microfinance leads to betterment in lodging of its clients.BibliographyPPAF ( 2004 ) â€Å" PPAF Microcredit Financing: Appraisal of Outcomes † prepared by GALLUP Pakistan for Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund. Hussein, Maliha and Shazreh Hussain ( 2003 ) â€Å" The Impact of Microfinance on Poverty and Gender Equity: Approachs and Evidence from Pakisian † Roneo for The Pakistan Microfinance Network. W.B, 2003. World Social state of affairs study. The World Bank Group Amin, S. , Rai, A. S. , & A ; Topa, G. ( 2003 ) . Does microcredit make the hapless and vulnerable? Evidence from Northern Bangladesh. Journal of Development Economics, 70 ( 1 ) , 59- 82.

Elderly Abuse

Everyone has the right to be protected in any means of abuse. Abuse of the elders will be considered as one of the worst. Elders are so vulnerable from such abuse causing them to feel distrustful and alone. Incidents of abuse are commonly occurring in nursing home facilities, impatient mental health hospitals, or within the person’s residence where the elders are not treated as how they should be.Abuse may come in verbal, physical, or even sexual means. Most of the victims were left with bruises, wounds, broken bones, or bed sores. Even worse, many suffer from trauma. Every year, many thousands of elderly abuse incidents are recorded. The sad part of it was most of the elders suffered the abuse, neglect, and extortion from their own family, relatives, and other persons in contact with them.In California, and in every other states of the United States of America, care givers and every other direct care workers ranked number one from the ones who commit the responsibility of suc h abuse. These include the physical abuse through hitting of any object and mishandling of the elders causing to bruises, sexual abuse from mean touching to rape, mental abuse implied with screaming and yelling to the victim, medical mistreatment through improper usage of drugs and inadequate treatment of sicknesses, and extortion.Abandonment would be another type of abuse wherein the caretaker always leaves the elder alone, causing the victim to be very inferior and just choose to isolate his/her self. There are many signs that may help you know if your elders are suffering from abuse and neglect. They always experience depression, confusion, dementia, and anger. How will the abuse be stopped? It will be possible through prevention. Once you noticed some signs of abuse, try to report it to your officials as soon as possible.

The Importance of Being Earnest

The Importance of Being Earnest Social class and public reputation are two of the most common things that influence a person in their decision making. In â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest†, Oscar Wilde mocks a society for their reasons of choosing who to marry. Oscar Wilde expresses an ironic and satiric perspective on a society that builds a marriage upon a foundation of money, power, and deceit. The play â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest,† is one of the most perfect examples of satire in our culture. Although it is set in England, it makes fun of the upper class.The play uses dramatic irony to show how Oscar Wilde sees the upper class as too formal and snobbish. It is dramatic irony because the characters in the play obviously think that they are high class with their multiple houses and butlers even though the author thinks that the upper class is too snobbish. The play also uses hyperbole to make its point. Every character in it is exaggerated. The character s Jack and Algernon are both willing to change their names to Earnest just because the women they love say that they will only love a man named Earnest.This is an example of how much emphasis Wilde believes that society places on love and how important it is to us. In they play, Wealth is a desirable aspect in life that many people crave. Many people will venture to extreme limits to acquire riches. In â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest†, prosperity is wanted so much that woman will consider wealth as their rationale to get married. In the book, when Jack Worthing proposed to Gwendolen Fairfax, Gwendolen’s mother refused to let her marry him. Her reasoning was since Jack didn’t know who his parents were; he would not receive an inheritance.Lady Bracknell refused to let her daughter marry someone who was not exceptionally wealthy. In this society, a person who descends from wealth is forbidden to marry someone from a lower class. It is considered disrespectful towards the family and it would degrade their self image. Power, in Wilde’s society, is also greatly commendable for a man who wants to marry. When Lady Bracknell questions Jack about his social status within the city, she is disappointed to hear that he is not of high class.Without money in the society, it is impossible to be a part of the high-class society; which is where power is attained. In this society, people marry inside of their own social and economic class. Since Jack does not have any power within the city, and does not have a lot of money to his name, he is not qualified to marry a woman of upper class. In addition to power and wealth being two ludicrous factors being heavily weighted for marriage, a man’s name also decides eligibility for matrimony. Jack lies to Gwendolen and tells her that his name his Ernest.When she learns that his name is not in fact Ernest, she refuses to marry him. Oscar Wilde used humor and irony when titling the play, â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest. † Earnest describes a person who is honest and sincere, which does not describe anybody within the play. All of the relationships in the play are built upon lies and deceit. Jack Worthing’s friend also deceives the woman that he loves, Cecily. Algernon also lies about his name and creates an imaginary friend so that he can avoid spending time with people that he does not want to see. Algernon and Jack come to call it â€Å"bunburying. When a social event is occurring that Jack or Algernon does not want to attend, they fake a visit with an extremely sick friend or relative. Eventually, Cecily and Gwendolen learn of all the secrets that Jack and Algernon are keeping. At first they are justifiably outraged. But after they all have talk, all is forgiven. This is another example that shows absurdity towards marriage. Cecily and Gwendolen realize that the men that they are supposed to marry have lied to them about everything. They don’t e ven really know who Jack and Algernon truly are.Even though Algernon and Jack have lied about everything, Gwendolen and Cecily both agree to carry on with the wedding. â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest† provides many ironic and satiric views in a society where marriage is built upon all of the wrong foundations. Marriage, in this society, is built upon wealth, power, lies, and deceit. The characters in the story are very scandalous and indecent. Men lie to their fiances and women marry them for money and power. In today’s society, this would be considered a huge disgrace and would be untolerable. ? The Importance of Being Earnest The Importance Of Being Earnest â€Å"Women’s roles are often tokenistic in dramatic comedy† To what extent do you believe this to be the case in relation to the play you have been studying? In dramatic comedy it can often be said that women’s roles are ‘tokenistic’ which essentially means: that women are there to serve a little more than the minimum, or may not serve much of a purpose at all, they may also follow social stereotypes during the era of this literary piece.In this essay I will be assessing this statement and come to a final decision by looking at both sides of the argument and looking for secondary sources/opinions to prove some points that will be made. I believe that women are not tokenistic in terms of comedy in The Importance of being earnest because they do serve a purpose and add to the humour but on the other hand they may only do the very minimum within the story line and many of the female characters follow social stereotypes s trongly.Wilde often uses characters within his plays and pieces as an opportunity to discuss or highlight certain contemporary issues, and may sometimes mock them through satire and farce. An example of this is the character of Gwendolen who is used to create humour; Oscar does this by presenting her as an inversion of the traditional female during the era Importance of Being Earnest was written.In the third act Gwendolen Says â€Å"But we will not be the first to speak† and then instantly contradicts her statement and addresses Algernon straight away after saying so, this would be found rather humorous by contemporary audiences because women were traditionally meant to be quiet and should ‘speak when spoken to’ Gwendolen recognises this, but yet she does speak first, and this is a break of a social stereotype.This is an example of a women’s role within The Importance of Being Earnest as un-tokenistic because she serves a purpose in creating humour, and al so the language used in that line suggests that she is leading the conversation and in turn leading Cecily, that is because the plural â€Å"we† in the quote indicates both herself and Cecily, should both conform to her statement, she is in a sense telling Cecily what to do. Also linked to this, after the later quote she then begins to interrogate Algernon and Jack, and she is the first to do so.This shows that she is accustomed to being in a position of power, so to conclude this point: how can Gwendolen truely be tokenistic if she serves a purpose in terms of comedy and is in a position of power within the stated conversation/section. On the other hand Gwendolen seems to support the typical patriarchal society which is present in The Importance of Being Earnest’s era. It is shown by this quote – â€Å"How absurd to talk of the equality of the sexes! † And â€Å"men are infinitely beyond us† Both in Act 3 also the use of the word infinitely emphas ises this driving Gwendolen’s further.Gwendolen indirectly mocks the idea of ‘new women’ which was a  feminist  ideal that emerged in the late 19th century and had a profound influence on feminism well into the twentieth century as well. It can be said that her role knocks back equality, which then leads to us thinking she is indeed tokenistic. But her role and this particular quote draws attention to the unfairness and importance of the issue at hand. This could be another example of Wilde using characters and satirical mocking to highlight certain issues, so therefore she again does indeed serve a purpose and an important one at that, so she may be un-tokenistic.Another example of roles of women serving a purpose is Lady Bracknell – â€Å"The whole theory of modern education is radically unsound. Fortunately in England, at any rate, education produces no effect whatsoever. If it did, it would prove a serious danger to the upper classes, and probably lead to acts of violence in Grosvenor Square† on page 20 act 1. This is an example of Oscar Wilde’s satirical mocking technique, directed towards the upper classes and the education system, through characters such as lady Bracknell and Gwendolen.Also the use of language and words such as ‘radically’ and ‘theory’ emphasises the satire because they are fairly emotive or serious words, contrasting with the absurd bigoted point. â€Å"Lady Bracknell is the main character to portray this satirical technique, as she believes the upper class to be much more educated than the lower class, purely because of social status† – hubpages. com/education, this point taken from an online website agrees with the idea that Wilde uses characters as a way to highlight issues and mock them. This is shown in the wording.And in turn this point suggests that if characters used to mock and highlight issues within society, then they are serving a purpose a nd are important to aspects of comedy within the play, examples of such characters are, Lady Bracknell and Gwendolen. So how can they be tokenistic if they are doing so? This shows that they are un-tokenistic. On the other hand Oscar Wilde often uses stock characters to enhance comedy and have no real purpose. â€Å"A  stock character  is a  fictional character  that relies heavily on  cultural types  or  stereotypes  for its personality, manner of speech, and other characteristics† – Fritzfreiheit. om, this shows that characters following stereotypes could be considered tokenistic, such as Lady Bracknell, who is described as â€Å"a symbol of Victorian earnestness and the unhappiness it brings as a result. She is powerful, arrogant, ruthless to the extreme, conservative, and proper. In many ways, she represents Wilde's opinion of Victorian upper-class negativity, conservative/repressive values, and power† – Cliffnotes. com, this shows tha t Lady Bracknell follows contemporary social stereotypes and only serves a minimum purpose and that is to make the audience laugh.So she may well be tokenistic. Also many other stock characters are considered to be tokenistic because they are only used to enhance comedy, not to add to the story or to highlight issues. Examples of a stock character with a minimal role is Miss Prism she is an example of a stereotype of an aspiring romantic novelist, she is the typical woman of the time with a dream that is suppressed. This means she both abides by contemporary social stereotypes and in no way highlights issues as much as Gwendolen or other characters may.So this could be suggested that indeed she is tokenistic due to the later points made. In conclusion I believe that female characters in Oscar Wilde’s Importance of being earnest such as Gwendolen and Lady Bracknell both serve a purpose in terms of comedy by enhancing it with the use of; farce, satire, and mocking. Linked to th is he also uses the humour created by these characters as well as the actually characters themselves as an opportunity to mock or highlight issues and ideals, for example Lady Bracknell and the upper class.But on the other hand it could be said that any female characters are stock characters which follow stereotypes and therefore produce a minimum affect, examples of this are Miss Prism and Lady Bracknell who has proven to be most contradictory and can be used by both sides of the argument because she does serve an important purpose. Over all I believe the large majority of female roles within The Importance of being earnest are not tokenistic because they most serve a purpose and enhance comedy.By James Rae Bibliography – Importance of Being Earnest * http://rachira. hubpages. com/hub/The-Importance-of-Being-Earnest-Mocking-Education – Author: RachiRa (username) – Date of citation: 14/3/13 * http://fritzfreiheit. com/wiki/Stock_character – Author: Fritz Freiheit – Date of citation: 14/3/13 * http://www. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/literature/importance-of-being-earnest/character-analysis/rev-chasuble-miss-prism. html – Author: Susan Van Kirk – Date of citation: 14/3/13 The Importance of Being Earnest The Importance of Being Earnest Social class and public reputation are two of the most common things that influence a person in their decision making. In â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest†, Oscar Wilde mocks a society for their reasons of choosing who to marry. Oscar Wilde expresses an ironic and satiric perspective on a society that builds a marriage upon a foundation of money, power, and deceit. The play â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest,† is one of the most perfect examples of satire in our culture. Although it is set in England, it makes fun of the upper class.The play uses dramatic irony to show how Oscar Wilde sees the upper class as too formal and snobbish. It is dramatic irony because the characters in the play obviously think that they are high class with their multiple houses and butlers even though the author thinks that the upper class is too snobbish. The play also uses hyperbole to make its point. Every character in it is exaggerated. The character s Jack and Algernon are both willing to change their names to Earnest just because the women they love say that they will only love a man named Earnest.This is an example of how much emphasis Wilde believes that society places on love and how important it is to us. In they play, Wealth is a desirable aspect in life that many people crave. Many people will venture to extreme limits to acquire riches. In â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest†, prosperity is wanted so much that woman will consider wealth as their rationale to get married. In the book, when Jack Worthing proposed to Gwendolen Fairfax, Gwendolen’s mother refused to let her marry him. Her reasoning was since Jack didn’t know who his parents were; he would not receive an inheritance.Lady Bracknell refused to let her daughter marry someone who was not exceptionally wealthy. In this society, a person who descends from wealth is forbidden to marry someone from a lower class. It is considered disrespectful towards the family and it would degrade their self image. Power, in Wilde’s society, is also greatly commendable for a man who wants to marry. When Lady Bracknell questions Jack about his social status within the city, she is disappointed to hear that he is not of high class.Without money in the society, it is impossible to be a part of the high-class society; which is where power is attained. In this society, people marry inside of their own social and economic class. Since Jack does not have any power within the city, and does not have a lot of money to his name, he is not qualified to marry a woman of upper class. In addition to power and wealth being two ludicrous factors being heavily weighted for marriage, a man’s name also decides eligibility for matrimony. Jack lies to Gwendolen and tells her that his name his Ernest.When she learns that his name is not in fact Ernest, she refuses to marry him. Oscar Wilde used humor and irony when titling the play, â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest. † Earnest describes a person who is honest and sincere, which does not describe anybody within the play. All of the relationships in the play are built upon lies and deceit. Jack Worthing’s friend also deceives the woman that he loves, Cecily. Algernon also lies about his name and creates an imaginary friend so that he can avoid spending time with people that he does not want to see. Algernon and Jack come to call it â€Å"bunburying. When a social event is occurring that Jack or Algernon does not want to attend, they fake a visit with an extremely sick friend or relative. Eventually, Cecily and Gwendolen learn of all the secrets that Jack and Algernon are keeping. At first they are justifiably outraged. But after they all have talk, all is forgiven. This is another example that shows absurdity towards marriage. Cecily and Gwendolen realize that the men that they are supposed to marry have lied to them about everything. They don’t e ven really know who Jack and Algernon truly are.Even though Algernon and Jack have lied about everything, Gwendolen and Cecily both agree to carry on with the wedding. â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest† provides many ironic and satiric views in a society where marriage is built upon all of the wrong foundations. Marriage, in this society, is built upon wealth, power, lies, and deceit. The characters in the story are very scandalous and indecent. Men lie to their fiances and women marry them for money and power. In today’s society, this would be considered a huge disgrace and would be untolerable. ? The Importance of Being Earnest The Importance Of Being Earnest â€Å"Women’s roles are often tokenistic in dramatic comedy† To what extent do you believe this to be the case in relation to the play you have been studying? In dramatic comedy it can often be said that women’s roles are ‘tokenistic’ which essentially means: that women are there to serve a little more than the minimum, or may not serve much of a purpose at all, they may also follow social stereotypes during the era of this literary piece.In this essay I will be assessing this statement and come to a final decision by looking at both sides of the argument and looking for secondary sources/opinions to prove some points that will be made. I believe that women are not tokenistic in terms of comedy in The Importance of being earnest because they do serve a purpose and add to the humour but on the other hand they may only do the very minimum within the story line and many of the female characters follow social stereotypes s trongly.Wilde often uses characters within his plays and pieces as an opportunity to discuss or highlight certain contemporary issues, and may sometimes mock them through satire and farce. An example of this is the character of Gwendolen who is used to create humour; Oscar does this by presenting her as an inversion of the traditional female during the era Importance of Being Earnest was written.In the third act Gwendolen Says â€Å"But we will not be the first to speak† and then instantly contradicts her statement and addresses Algernon straight away after saying so, this would be found rather humorous by contemporary audiences because women were traditionally meant to be quiet and should ‘speak when spoken to’ Gwendolen recognises this, but yet she does speak first, and this is a break of a social stereotype.This is an example of a women’s role within The Importance of Being Earnest as un-tokenistic because she serves a purpose in creating humour, and al so the language used in that line suggests that she is leading the conversation and in turn leading Cecily, that is because the plural â€Å"we† in the quote indicates both herself and Cecily, should both conform to her statement, she is in a sense telling Cecily what to do. Also linked to this, after the later quote she then begins to interrogate Algernon and Jack, and she is the first to do so.This shows that she is accustomed to being in a position of power, so to conclude this point: how can Gwendolen truely be tokenistic if she serves a purpose in terms of comedy and is in a position of power within the stated conversation/section. On the other hand Gwendolen seems to support the typical patriarchal society which is present in The Importance of Being Earnest’s era. It is shown by this quote – â€Å"How absurd to talk of the equality of the sexes! † And â€Å"men are infinitely beyond us† Both in Act 3 also the use of the word infinitely emphas ises this driving Gwendolen’s further.Gwendolen indirectly mocks the idea of ‘new women’ which was a  feminist  ideal that emerged in the late 19th century and had a profound influence on feminism well into the twentieth century as well. It can be said that her role knocks back equality, which then leads to us thinking she is indeed tokenistic. But her role and this particular quote draws attention to the unfairness and importance of the issue at hand. This could be another example of Wilde using characters and satirical mocking to highlight certain issues, so therefore she again does indeed serve a purpose and an important one at that, so she may be un-tokenistic.Another example of roles of women serving a purpose is Lady Bracknell – â€Å"The whole theory of modern education is radically unsound. Fortunately in England, at any rate, education produces no effect whatsoever. If it did, it would prove a serious danger to the upper classes, and probably lead to acts of violence in Grosvenor Square† on page 20 act 1. This is an example of Oscar Wilde’s satirical mocking technique, directed towards the upper classes and the education system, through characters such as lady Bracknell and Gwendolen.Also the use of language and words such as ‘radically’ and ‘theory’ emphasises the satire because they are fairly emotive or serious words, contrasting with the absurd bigoted point. â€Å"Lady Bracknell is the main character to portray this satirical technique, as she believes the upper class to be much more educated than the lower class, purely because of social status† – hubpages. com/education, this point taken from an online website agrees with the idea that Wilde uses characters as a way to highlight issues and mock them. This is shown in the wording.And in turn this point suggests that if characters used to mock and highlight issues within society, then they are serving a purpose a nd are important to aspects of comedy within the play, examples of such characters are, Lady Bracknell and Gwendolen. So how can they be tokenistic if they are doing so? This shows that they are un-tokenistic. On the other hand Oscar Wilde often uses stock characters to enhance comedy and have no real purpose. â€Å"A  stock character  is a  fictional character  that relies heavily on  cultural types  or  stereotypes  for its personality, manner of speech, and other characteristics† – Fritzfreiheit. om, this shows that characters following stereotypes could be considered tokenistic, such as Lady Bracknell, who is described as â€Å"a symbol of Victorian earnestness and the unhappiness it brings as a result. She is powerful, arrogant, ruthless to the extreme, conservative, and proper. In many ways, she represents Wilde's opinion of Victorian upper-class negativity, conservative/repressive values, and power† – Cliffnotes. com, this shows tha t Lady Bracknell follows contemporary social stereotypes and only serves a minimum purpose and that is to make the audience laugh.So she may well be tokenistic. Also many other stock characters are considered to be tokenistic because they are only used to enhance comedy, not to add to the story or to highlight issues. Examples of a stock character with a minimal role is Miss Prism she is an example of a stereotype of an aspiring romantic novelist, she is the typical woman of the time with a dream that is suppressed. This means she both abides by contemporary social stereotypes and in no way highlights issues as much as Gwendolen or other characters may.So this could be suggested that indeed she is tokenistic due to the later points made. In conclusion I believe that female characters in Oscar Wilde’s Importance of being earnest such as Gwendolen and Lady Bracknell both serve a purpose in terms of comedy by enhancing it with the use of; farce, satire, and mocking. Linked to th is he also uses the humour created by these characters as well as the actually characters themselves as an opportunity to mock or highlight issues and ideals, for example Lady Bracknell and the upper class.But on the other hand it could be said that any female characters are stock characters which follow stereotypes and therefore produce a minimum affect, examples of this are Miss Prism and Lady Bracknell who has proven to be most contradictory and can be used by both sides of the argument because she does serve an important purpose. Over all I believe the large majority of female roles within The Importance of being earnest are not tokenistic because they most serve a purpose and enhance comedy.By James Rae Bibliography – Importance of Being Earnest * http://rachira. hubpages. com/hub/The-Importance-of-Being-Earnest-Mocking-Education – Author: RachiRa (username) – Date of citation: 14/3/13 * http://fritzfreiheit. com/wiki/Stock_character – Author: Fritz Freiheit – Date of citation: 14/3/13 * http://www. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/literature/importance-of-being-earnest/character-analysis/rev-chasuble-miss-prism. html – Author: Susan Van Kirk – Date of citation: 14/3/13

The socio-cultural repercussions of Language identiity on English as a Essay

The socio-cultural repercussions of Language identiity on English as a Second Language instruction - Essay Example Most of the business activities are international at present because of the Globalization and Liberalization policies implemented by majority of the countries. An international language is essential for the business world in order to establish proper communication between the organization and the diverse customers. Because of the above facts, most of the countries where English is a foreign language, adopted English as a second language in their educational curriculum. â€Å"More than 200 million children in China are studying English, a compulsory subject for all Chinese primary school students† (Teaching Language for National Security and American Competitiveness) â€Å"The need for a common international language with the expansion of a global communication network has made the English the language of choice† (TESOL& Dang, p.9 ) Even the native speakers of English, like the Americans, the British or the Australians use or speak English differently. The accent and vocabulary of English is different in these countries. Many factors like the social and cultural differences contributed heavily to these differences even though the essence remains the same. The non-native English speakers who learn English as a second language are coming from different social and cultural backgrounds. These differences have a significant effect on their English language learning abilities. It is not possible for the Chinese to learn and speak English same way like the Indians though both India and China are non-native speakers of English. Communities or cultures which have similarities or relation with the English culture may learn the English quickly compared to others. For example, French language has lot of similarities with English and the French people can learn English quickly compared to others. People who are staying nearer to the English speaking countries can also learn the English language quickly compared to others. Economy also can play a vital role in

Trail of Tears Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Trail of Tears - Essay Example In addition, they were starved, froze to death and were murdered due to the mandatory relocation policies of the Indian Removal Act of 1830. This Act sought to create a â€Å"white only† America therefore many tribes, predominantly the Cherokee Nation, were forced to leave familiar ancestral lands. The thousand mile journey out of Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Seminole and Muscogee lands in the eastern U.S. to present day Oklahoma during the 1830’s is known as the Trail of Tears. This shameful episode in American history is one of the best known and worst examples of how the natives suffered at the hands of the government. It is difficult to visualize the government confiscating a person’s home due their ethnicity alone and forcing them, their family, friends, relatives and neighbors to walk hundreds of miles during a harsh winter but this is what happened 180 years ago to thousands of natives of America. The United States was established by and for the people an d built on precept of justice for all. However, barely a half century from its founding, this same government and its supposed democratic values subjugated all persons of color. Blacks were enslaved, taken from their lands and Indians subjugated, slaughtered and forced off their lands. The natives who survived the mass exodus found themselves in strange place which is a frightening prospect for people whose life depended on knowing every feature of recognizable territory. Today, the horrific story of the Trail of Tears stirs the emotions of all American citizens but at the time of the removal this crime against humanity of historic proportions symbolized the existing feelings towards the natives, feelings which were represented by laws directed against them. The incident questioned the widely held perception that America was a fair and just country. In April of 1838 Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote a letter to President Martin Van Buren regarding Cherokee removal. The letter said, in part, â€Å"You, sir, will bring down that renowned chair in which you sit into infamy if your seal is set to this instrument of perfidy; and the name of this nation, hitherto the sweet omen of religion and liberty, will stink to the world.† (Logan, 2004) In May 1938, in opposition to the nation’s guiding principles precept and a week before the deadline of eviction, government troops began the cruel process of forcibly removing native people from their ancestral homeland. Those still remaining were not given enough time to collect any personal effects such as food or clothes before being forced to live in make-shift camps. Many Indians, including children, were separated from their tribes and families. Their now empty homes were plundered by soldiers even while they were being taken away at gunpoint. â€Å"Families at dinner were startled by the sudden gleam of bayonets in the doorway. Men were seized in their fields or going along the road, women were taken from their wh eels and children from their play. They saw their homes in flames, fired by the lawless rabble that followed on the heels of the soldiers to loot and pillage. Hunts were made by the same men for Indian graves, to rob them of the silver pendants and other valuables deposited with the dead.† (Logan, 2004) Removing the native people from their former lands was inevitable and had been wanted by many long before it occurred. The European descendents had been

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Strategic Marketing Management - Essay Example The research could be casual, descriptive or exploratory in nature according to the needs of the organization. After the analysis is done the organization can move on to developing a viable, long term strategy for the organizations’ marketing efforts. The main focus of the strategy is to allow for segmentation and targeting of the desired customer base and deciding on the value proposition that they would be offered in return for becoming their customers. The basic challenge of strategic marketing is, therefore, to manage marketing intricacy, customer and stakeholder expectations and to reconcile with the effects of a varying atmosphere in the context of certain resource availabilities. Strategic Marketing enthusiasts often adopt management concepts to their unique needs. As the basic purpose of both management and marketing is to explore the relationships an industry or organization has with its environment, some of the widely used management tools and frameworks have been ad opted for the marketing process. These would include the industry analysis techniques of Porter and the portfolio matrices (Fahy, Smithee, 1999, p1). Strategic Marketing Management is a field of study in which due consideration is given to understanding the different parts of the marketing strategy and their integration framework for defining and evolving the market which ultimately helps the marketing manager into transforming concepts and theories into practical strategies and action plans for any organization. In Strategic Marketing Management the focus is on the ‘3 Cs’ of the external environment. The competitors, customers and the channel form the three pronged focus of the firms efforts. By searching and providing better solutions to their customers needs and to cater to their demands is the first step for any the organization in designing a product and related marketing strategy. The competitors are important because ultimately they will impact the consumers buyi ng decision and the overall industry profitability, the strategy has to be such as to differentiate and better the position of the company in the eyes of the consumer from the competitor. Finally, the channel or the supplier side of the equation deals with the processes of manufacturing or producing a good for the market and the people that will have to be dealt with during it all. An organization has to be on the lookout for any opportunities or threats which exist because of changes in the 3 Cs environments, and their marketing strategy has to be strong and flexible enough to adept to these changes in a beneficial way. Like any other process, marketing is also subject to the changes in the technological, lifestyle, social and economical trends. Even more so because marketing, ultimately, is designed to and catered for the needs and wants of the people and these depend largely on the time frame and environmental and psychological factors. In the 21st century there are some trends w hich have slowly become a stronghold in of the modern markets and for the prudent organizations, their strategy has to be managed to accommodate these trends. There is a cynicism prevalent in today’s consumer which makes them check and double check the claims that a company is making about their product or service. They are self conscious about the decisions they make, ethically motivated, passionate about eco friendly practices and generally more

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Interview Reflection Worksheet - Coursework Example My weak point is in competence that majorly rises from my inability to make some decisions under pressure effectively. Competence will improve when I gain the necessary work experience and gain more knowledge in my area of operation. The assessment of people to some extent showed me the various points of weakness. I realised that I need to improve on competence and efficiency in decision-making. The alignment of people’s perception and mine shown that i am ethical similar to my personal assessment. My surprise was the knowledge of other people that i am incompetent due to the minimal experience I possess. It was not easy to stay open minded and non-defensive during the interview. The questions were touching on my personality and i felt like faking and lying about some aspects of the issues under discussion. I achieved this by trying to be ethical and comprehensively cooperative. I am being perceived this way because am truthful to my acts. My partner was ethical and tried to corner my answers but due to professionalism and adhering to the set standards, he got the right information that provided the right illustration of my characters. However, the results were not as per my expectations but they are a true reflection of my

Addressing Inequality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Addressing Inequality - Essay Example Being controversial issues, inequity and inequality are closely connected as inequity is the result of inequality. Inequality indicates the distribution of resources across society giving an idea of the difference between what rich and poor people can earn, average income, and redistribution of the county’s income. Countries characterized by high levels of inequality have high levels of poverty showing the fact that the distribution and redistribution of the country’s resources are linked to the poverty issues (Inequality: what is it?). One of the countries with high level of inequality is the U.S. The gap between poor and rich is the widest since 1929 and has doubled in 21 years. During the year (2001 and 2002) the number of poor rose by 1.7 million people. This imbalance is mostly caused by tax cuts which burden the poor more and more. There are complaints that the U.S. laws are unjust as they tolerate oppression of poor people and do not provide them minimum needs. I n Alabama, for example, people who get low income pay higher rate of income tax than those who are wealthy. As an example may be taken the timber industry that has the ownership for 71 percent of the land and pays only 2 percent of the tax. The paradox is that Americans are the richest nation but with the highest poverty rate (Lampman J.). Income inequality which is also among social issues of the U.S. is positively correlated with mental illness, low life expectancy, obesity, drug use, crime and teen pregnancy. Australia is also the country which has documented the growing gap between the poor and rich. The research shows that the most vulnerable Australians have been hardest hit by rising costs for health, education, and public transport services. Pensioners, unemployed, low-income people and aged have faced the harshest rising changes in the living costs. It has also been stated that essential services are placed beyond the reach of the above-mentioned section of the population. Education and medicine have become the services which are sometimes almost inaccessible to many people. The example may be education costs which soared 200 percent above the inflation rate and medical services which are 180 percent above the inflation rate (Holland K., Zimmer E). Inequality in Australia is present in various spheres of life, for example, the average female wage is only 65% of the average wage of a male, and racism is strongly expressed against aboriginals. Inequality is also a characteristic of the polarization of income groups into poor and rich. (Social Inequality in Australia) Hungary is among the countries with low economic growth, decline in wages, and high rate of inflation that has resulted from severe measures, introduces by the government, to make changes in health, educations, and to cut back on the deficit of the government. The above mentioned measures include co-payments in the sphere of health care, tuition at educational establishments. They were intr oduced in 2006 and caused social tension. Poverty of Hungarians is an extreme case of social inequalities. The number of poor is constantly growing. Vast job losses after 1990 caused rapid increase in inequalities and led to privatization and restructuring of wages and prices, and decline in the social transfers value. Declining income security has led to the number of health problems. Hungarians marry late, have few children and in most cases later in life. Life expectancy is also unsatisfactory as citizens live sorter than it would be expected taking into account economic development indicators. One more problem which results from inequality is high death rate especially among certain social groups of people. Hungary is the country for which such social problems

Criticism on the Novel Essay Example for Free

Criticism on the Novel Essay Nature setting are explicit Page 30: When I was about fifteen years old we had retired to our house near Belrive, when we witnessed a most violent and terrible thunderstorm. It advanced from behind the mountains of Jura, and the thunder burst at once with frightful loudness from various quarters of the heavens. I remained with curiosity and delight. As I stood at the door, on a beautiful oak which stood about twenty yards from our house; and so soon as the dazzling light vanished, the oak had disappeared, and nothing remained but a blasted stump. [] It was not splintered from the shock, but entirely reduced to thin ribbons of wood. Foreshadowing?: power of electricity sparks his attention, if it can destroy something so quickly, why cant it bring dead flesh to life? Scientific descriptions lack important information Page 48: It was already one in the morning; the rain pattered dismally against the panes, and my candle was nearly burnt out, when, by the glimmer of the half-extinguished light, I saw the dull yellow eye of the creature open; it breathed hard, and a convulsive motion agitated its limbs. We see how she was a poet in this quote: she gives more descriptions of the surroundings than the scientific aspect of which many people long for. Obviously shows the lack of knowledge displayed by Mary Shelly. Countries are close together Shows once again how much knowledge Mary Shelly had regarding geography. It sparks attention when she says that it takes longer to go from Geneva to Ingolstadt (a total of 413.6 miles) than it is to go to England. Monster has superhuman abilities yet he is made from human parts Page 70: I thought of pursuing the devil, but it would have been in vain, for another flash discovered him to me hanging among the rocks of the nearly perpendicular ascent of Mont Saleve, a hill that bounds Plainpalais on the south. He soon reached the summit and disappeared. Stereotyping of the Turkish and Irish people If Frankenstein had already created a monster, why did he need help from some other scientists for the creation of another monster? Page 153: I found that I could not compose a female without again devoting several months to profound study and laborious disquisition. I had heard of some discoveries having been made by an English philosopher, he knowledge of which was material to my success [] The Monster tells Frankenstein how hes survived mobs throwing rocks and several other projectiles and such, yet Frankenstein never stops trying to think he can kill the monster. Page 206: [] the monster whom I had created, the miserable demon whom I had sent abroad into the world for my destruction. I was possessed by a maddening rage when I thought of him, and desired and ardently prayed that I might have him within my grasp to wreak a great and signal revenge on his cursed head. All quotes from Mary Shelleys Frankenstein

Comparing Systems Theory and Grounded Theory

Comparing Systems Theory and Grounded Theory Summarize what you have learned about the similarities and differences among the approaches. Qualitative research is an activity that locates the observer in the world. Qualitative research consists of a set of material and interpretive practices that make the world visible. They turn the world into a series of representations, including field notes, conversations, interviews, recordings, photographs, and memos to the self. At this level, qualitative research involves an interpretive, naturalistic approach to the world. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or to interpret, phenomena regarding the meanings people bring to them. (Denzin Lincoln, 2005, p. 3). Grounded theory is a set of procedure to conduct qualitative research in order to develop a personalized theory for a study (Charmaz, 2009). Grounded theory is used by a lot of researchers however most have proven to use the theory incorrectly as researchers do not understand the full scope of this method (Charmaz, 2009). A narrative inquiry is founded on the principle that each person has a story which gives meaning to their life. Narrative inquiry derives from the phenomenology approach, this type of research includes collecting stories, connecting a meaning to these stories and linking them to the research participants experiences (Trahar, 2009). Researchers often gather stories through word of mouth, notes or historical references (Patton,2015). Researchers that choose this approach believes that stories, organize and shape their experiences (pg. 128). One challenge that researcher has that use a narrative inquiry is sorting through the stories to collect valid data (Patton, 2009). One type of writing that researchers use for a narrative inquiry is autoethnographic, this kind of writing involves writing in multiple layers of consciousness (Patton, 2009). Systems theory is the study of multiple systems. Within the Human Services field, workers are work to incorporate social science insights toward improving the quality of life communities and individuals (Systems Theory, 2005). Systems theory explores the structure of complex systems, it also explores how each system is comparable to each other and as well as the whole system (Systems Theory, 2005). Human Service workers use systems theory to understand to get a better idea of the relationship between families, individuals, societies and institutions. Workers seek to learn how a system functions, what parts of that system will have a potential negative impact on a client. Ethnography is a research method that relies on first-hand experiences of participants (Miller, 2015). Some studies require that the researcher engages in the study and only observe (Miller, 2015). Ethnographic researchers typically use observations, documents, and interviews as data collection techniques (Miller, 2015). Participatory Action Research is a subset of action research. Within participatory action research a study is conducted to investigate a social problem with the aim to take action on the identified issue. This approach is more commonly used to solve a sociopolitical problem. Describe how what youve learned by developing the matrix has allowed you to choose the approach that you plan to use for your research plan in this course. Identify the approach you intend to use for your research question. Using the phenomenological approach, the research question that this learner will explore is what is the lived experience of a female, Army, military spouse, coping with challenges associated with their partners transition from active duty military to civilian life? The best approach that fits this research question is the Moussakas Heuristic research approach using qualitative methods. Moussakas has three approaches hermeneutics, heuristic, and empirical phenomenological research (Creswell, 2009). The heuristic approach starts as a question or a challenge that has the potential to an impact of a social issue (Creswell, 2009). In the heuristic approach, researchers gather knowledge by learning about the participants life experience (Creswell, 2009). From the life experience of the participants, a depiction is made. In-depth interviews will allow the participants to give details on how the military to civilian, transitional period affects the spouse as well as the relationship; phenom enology would allow for the spouses to provide details of their experience in their words. Describe your rationale for your choice of approach. References Charmaz, Kathy. Grounded Theory. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods. 2003. SAGE Publications. 24 May. 2009. . SparkNotes Editors. (2005). Systems Theory. Retrieved July 8, 2016, from http://www.sparknotes.com/psychology/psych101/development/ Miller, M. A. (2015). Academic Advisors of Military and Student Veterans: An Ethnographic Study. Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 63(2), 98-108. doi:10.1080/07377363.2015.1042997

Genesis And Rise Of Islamic Fundamentalism Religion Essay

Genesis And Rise Of Islamic Fundamentalism Religion Essay Introduction Religious fundamentalism is not a new term rather it is as old as the religions itself. The world has seen, felt and suffered due religious fundamentalism in some way or the other since time immemorial. The same is true for Islamic fundamentalism. Islam, however, has off late been more associated with fundamentalism than any other religion in the world. Fundamentalism in Islam is also referred as Islamofascism. The term Islamofascism is included in the New Oxford American Dictionary, defining it as a controversial term equating some modern Islamic movements with the European fascist movements of the early twentieth century. The term is used in this manner by writers like Stephen Schwartz and Christopher Hitchens, to describe Islamist extremists, including terrorist groups such as al Qaeda. William Safire makes particular note of Hitchens as a popularizer of the word, though Hitchens declines credit for coining it.  [1]   Susceptibility of Islam to Fundamentalism Islam is like any other religion; however, it is associated with fundamentalism than any other religion in the world. Fundamentalism in Islam is the result of its origin. It came into being in 500 AD when Christianity and Judaism were in its full blossom. Quran-The Holy Book of Islam is a philosophical yet one of the most exhaustive set of rule imposing strict guidelines for day to day functioning for its followers making Islam more susceptible to fundamentalism. The philosophical roots of Islamic fundamentalism are largely the result of a conscious attempt to revive and restate the theoretical relevance of Islam in the modern world. The word Islam means submission, or the total surrender of oneself to God. Therein lays its strength as well as weakness. Total surrender to God imparts spectacular potency to religious faith wherein no questions are asked regarding its convictions or statute. Equally, it leads to blind following in the interpretations of various diktats as pronounced by the Ulemas or Islamic scholars. The empowerment of Islam, which is believed to be Gods plan for mankind, is sacred and therefore may be (interpreted by some as must be) pursued by any means.  [2]   Reasons for Fundamentalism in Islam Colonialism and Western Dominance. Ever since Islam came into existence, it continued to flourish and was widely accepted in the Middle East, Africa, Central and East Asia. It reached its Zenith by 16th Century. However, in 17th and 18th Century Western Powers, started colonialism towards East resulting in Western cultural dominance over other religions and regions in all spheres of life. Islam too was greatly affected by the imperialistic rule of West and subtle but certain downfall of Islam commenced. The famous Indian poet Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938) vividly expressed the commonly held view of the soulless multilayered Western civilization in its varied manifestations of capitalism, communism, secularism, and liberalism, draining Islam of its inherent vitality. This created a feeling of anti-Westernism and nostalgia for the glorious past; which is the major contributory factor for the contemporary fundamentalist movements. Response to Overpowering Pace of Modern Revolutionization. Mr Modernization and technology has been the biggest boon for the society. But with it also came the evils of cultural changes of nuclear family, materialism and degeneration of social values. In Mr Volls opinion Islamic fundamentalism is a direct response to rapid modernization and cultural changes that threaten to dilute Islamic identity by a syncretistic mix with un-Islamic elements. Urbanization, in addition to diminishing social and cultural value has also resulted in high unemployment, steep rise in poverty and sharp inequalities in wealth distribution. These overwhelmingly and rapid economic, social and cultural changes have resulted in an acute sense of dislocation, identity loss, alienation and anomie and are the social-psychological background to the Islamic resurgence. Reaction to Failed Islamic Liberalism. Islam is governed by stringent and strict laws as written in the Holy Koran and its followers are expected to adhere them in in their daily life in totality. It is this facet of Islam which makes it more radical than any other religion in the world. Likewise, Islamic radicalization in part is a reaction to the failure of Islamic liberalism in the late 19th and 20th centuries. While the radicalists fight both with the modernists, who recognize a broad elucidation of Scripture and assume Western ethics, and also the liberals who favor a democratic system of governance on the Western model. Radicalists disapprove these views and look for a come back to the original foundation of Islam, while reapplying them to the modern milieu. Crisis of Frail Authority of Secular Nations and Governments. Another cause is the persistent crisis expressed by the weak legitimacy of the very idea of the nation-state as well as of the existing secular regimes. This crisis is evident in the pervasiveness of autocratic regimes and in the continuing segmentation of society along tribal, ethnic, and religious lines. The political, social, and economic failures of the secular state is seen as an important contributor to the rise of Islamic fundamentalism as a mass-based response demanding radical change. Fundamentalists tend to blame the modern secular nation-state and its Westernized elites for all the ills of society. Defeat of Islamic States Post World War II. Creation of Israel, defeat of Arab nations in 1967 and 1973 in the Arab-Israel Wars, dismemberment of Pakistan in 1971 and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 acted as catalysts in the spreading of Islamic fundamentalism. It gave Muslim world a sense of disappointment, disgrace, helplessness, and loss of self-worth. It developed in animosity and hostility against the local administration that botched to react to the need of their societies. It also resulted in the hatred aginst the superpowers which too failed to support the cause of Islamic states and saw in them an oppressor and aggressor. Modern Socio-Political Regimens. Modernization provided access to global education and new socio political equations. Secularism was one such thought that spurred Islamic fundamentalism; one of the reasons for promoting an Islamic awakening. Rise of the religious fundamentalism across various religious cultures was according to Jurgensmeyer (2001), that the radical religious groups rejected the liberal values of secular institutions. This was particularly considered, by the Islamic religious hierarchy, as the main cause of societys decline and loss of religious inspiration. These radicals also, refused to accept boundaries of secular society which keeps religion a private observance and not the public sphere which they thought were contrary to basic Islamiic tenets. Equally, the conservatives sought to restore religion as central to social life. They also saw foreign domination as a symptom of Muslim weakness, and its elimination as the key to Muslim power. Such domination could be a ttacked directly by jihad against foreigners.  [3]   Failure of Modern Institutions. Modernization in many countries did not yield requisite outcome. Modernization in these countries failed for host of reasons to include lack of infrastructure and stable government, illiteracy and wide spread unemployment. The failure of modernization in such state gave enough reason to the conservatives to force the established governments and convince the people to revert back to the basics of Islam and shun secularism and liberalization. Also the western liberal strategists failed to contain the religious overtures in the Islamic states, further bolstering the radicalists to adopt and enforce the fundamentalist Islam in its present form. The failure of liberal governments to revitalize the states gave people the option of reverting back to the Islamic values which if nothing else gave them the false sense of superiority and gave hope to bring back the lost glory to the so believed superior religion. This drew marked religious responses resulting in a spate of Islamic fundamentalist movements. Moreover, the failure of democratic and secular state to deliver further strengthened the case of conservatives giving rise to fundamentalist forces.  [4]   Conclusion At the end of the 20th century Islamic fundamentalists have become active participators in mainstream Muslim society all over the world, led by a new class of modern-educated elites. For many Muslims Islamic revivalism is a social rather than a political movement aimed at implementing a more Islamically oriented society. For most fundamentalists, however, the establishment of an Islamic system does necessitate the creation of an Islamic state, and the mainstream Islamic fundamentalist movements have become major actors within the system while the violent radicals continue to confront the state. The moderates demand participation as equals in the democratic process, while the extremists threaten violence and revolution.

Imagination In Morte D Arthur :: essays research papers

Imagination in Morte D' Arthur A recurring theme in Sir Thomas Malory's Morte d' Arthur is the use of imaginative descriptions of characters and settings. Imagination is what the reader of the story must use to form his or her own mental images of a situation, and the better the storyteller is, the clearer the mental image. His descriptions, ranging from horrific to chivalrous, always manage to draw the reader into the story and make him or her an active participant, usually knowing a bit more than the characters about their own fates. Malory employs many literary techniques, but perhaps his most prominent is his use of imagination.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the exerpt begins, King Arthur is having a nightmare involving falling into a pit of serpents. Malory describes the scene in Arthur's head as if the reader were there with him. What separates the reader from the character is the fact that the reader knows it's only a dream, and Arthur doesn't. This is an interesting way of keeping the reader a safe distance from the goings on of the story. Malory uses this method again, when Arthur and his army are about to negotiate with Mordred and his. One of the King's soldiers notices a snake about to bite him, and he draws his sword to slay it. All that Mordred's men see is the blade being drawn, and a battle immediately ensues. Once again, the reader is told more than the characters. The only thing keeping the reader a part of the story is the vivid descriptions given of the nightmarish world of Arthur's dream, and the smoking, bloody battlefield of a war that wasn't meant to happen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Malory also makes use of drama in his portrayal of the double-death scene, again with Arthur and Mordred. When he describes Mordred's sword being driven into Arthur's chest, and Arthur's spear running Mordred through, the reader almost cringes at the thought. However, it is not enough that they are both killed by each other's hand, Arthur doesn't die immediately. He is carried by his most faithful knights back to a chapel, where he died more honorably. The reader is bearing with him all the way, glad to be rid of the villain Mordred, but at the same time pitying him, for he was Arthur's son. This makes the story even more involving, and forces the reader to imagine

Phobias Essay -- essays research papers

Everyone knows that everyone is afraid of something. Everyone recognizes that phobias are not something to be ashamed of, and that everyone has at least one. But what exactly is a phobia? Simply put, it’s an anxiety disorder.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The exact definition of a phobia is a bit different though. A phobia is an anxiety disorder in which a person will experience a strong, irrational fear of a situation, object, or activity. Adults with fears usually realize they are being irrational, but children are the opposite. A phobia will produce a feeling of anxiety that will range anywhere from mild, to downright severe. People with mild symptoms don’t usually worry about it too much because it doesn’t interfere with their day to day activities. People with a severe phobia, however, sometimes have no choice than to seek help. Some phobias, if left un-dealt with, can become so severe that the person won’t even leave their bed. There are three main types of phobias. The first is Agoraphobia. Agoraphobia is a fear of public places. With this fear comes the feeling that the person is trapped or fears having a panic attack in public. The second type of phobia is Social phobia. Social phobia is the fear of social situations or performing in public. When people have this fear, they may be embarrassed by symptoms of having a panic attack or anxiety. A good example of this type of phobia is people who don’t like public speaking. This would be due to mild social phobia (or major, depending how badly you hate it). The final category of phobia is a Specific phobia. This is a very broad category and covers many things. The basic definition of it is it’s the fear of specific objects, places, situations, or activities. The fear is usually driven by fear of harms way. Someone who is experiencing this may get some side affects of losing any emotional control, and possibly even physical control.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Phobias are very common. Nearly 25 million people suffer from a serious phobia sometime in their life. Agoraphobia is the most common type of phobia. Around 60% of people who seek help for phobias are there for agoraphobia. 50% of the people who get treated for this are women. Social phobia occurs in both men and women about equally. It occurs is about 2% of the population. When it comes to specific phobias, they are usually outgrown by adultho... ...ns. The main importance with the treatment of this phobia though, is that the patient avoid any abusive drugs or alcohol. If they turn to those for help, it is very difficult for doctors to cure them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Patients that have specific phobias are treated in three main ways, just like the other two. These ways are medication, progressive desensitization, and exposure. Exposure is by far the most important factor in curing someone with a specific phobia. People with specific phobias are often afraid of things that will usually do them no harm, such as snakes or spiders. If patients want to get treated fast and effectively, they need to start exposing themselves to the variable that gives them fear. The quicker they do this, the faster they will be cured.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyone one this planet will have a fear of something at some point in their lifetime. For some it may be simple flies or bees. Others it may be lions or alligators. And for some it can impair their everyday lifestyle, such as the people with social phobia and agoraphobia. Phobias come in all different degrees in every person, and are a quite interesting if you look into them. Phobias Essay -- essays research papers Everyone knows that everyone is afraid of something. Everyone recognizes that phobias are not something to be ashamed of, and that everyone has at least one. But what exactly is a phobia? Simply put, it’s an anxiety disorder.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The exact definition of a phobia is a bit different though. A phobia is an anxiety disorder in which a person will experience a strong, irrational fear of a situation, object, or activity. Adults with fears usually realize they are being irrational, but children are the opposite. A phobia will produce a feeling of anxiety that will range anywhere from mild, to downright severe. People with mild symptoms don’t usually worry about it too much because it doesn’t interfere with their day to day activities. People with a severe phobia, however, sometimes have no choice than to seek help. Some phobias, if left un-dealt with, can become so severe that the person won’t even leave their bed. There are three main types of phobias. The first is Agoraphobia. Agoraphobia is a fear of public places. With this fear comes the feeling that the person is trapped or fears having a panic attack in public. The second type of phobia is Social phobia. Social phobia is the fear of social situations or performing in public. When people have this fear, they may be embarrassed by symptoms of having a panic attack or anxiety. A good example of this type of phobia is people who don’t like public speaking. This would be due to mild social phobia (or major, depending how badly you hate it). The final category of phobia is a Specific phobia. This is a very broad category and covers many things. The basic definition of it is it’s the fear of specific objects, places, situations, or activities. The fear is usually driven by fear of harms way. Someone who is experiencing this may get some side affects of losing any emotional control, and possibly even physical control.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Phobias are very common. Nearly 25 million people suffer from a serious phobia sometime in their life. Agoraphobia is the most common type of phobia. Around 60% of people who seek help for phobias are there for agoraphobia. 50% of the people who get treated for this are women. Social phobia occurs in both men and women about equally. It occurs is about 2% of the population. When it comes to specific phobias, they are usually outgrown by adultho... ...ns. The main importance with the treatment of this phobia though, is that the patient avoid any abusive drugs or alcohol. If they turn to those for help, it is very difficult for doctors to cure them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Patients that have specific phobias are treated in three main ways, just like the other two. These ways are medication, progressive desensitization, and exposure. Exposure is by far the most important factor in curing someone with a specific phobia. People with specific phobias are often afraid of things that will usually do them no harm, such as snakes or spiders. If patients want to get treated fast and effectively, they need to start exposing themselves to the variable that gives them fear. The quicker they do this, the faster they will be cured.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyone one this planet will have a fear of something at some point in their lifetime. For some it may be simple flies or bees. Others it may be lions or alligators. And for some it can impair their everyday lifestyle, such as the people with social phobia and agoraphobia. Phobias come in all different degrees in every person, and are a quite interesting if you look into them.